2. Material and techniques
Data were collected using the WBQ tool from in the area of Athens, Greece from 473 individuals aged 16–86 (42 ± 18 years) (221 males) in summer and from 511 individuals aged 16–86 (38 ± 20 years) (245 males) in winter, stratified by age and sex according to the Hellenic Statistical Authority . All volunteers were informed on the objectives of the study and the procedures involved and signed an informed consent. The retrieved data were confidential, and the study followed the ethical considerations provided by The Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (Declaration of Helsinki). The WBQ incorporates a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire validated to record energy intake against three-day diaries (p < 0.001)>
Specifically, the brand new WBQ provides: (A) research into the profile of one’s participant; (B) recording regarding consumption for the period of the prior day off good and liquid restaurants, h2o otherwise beverages regarding a semi-decimal dinner regularity survey (FFQ) out-of 58 edibles verified getting estimating energy consumption and also the additional glucose and you may honey which is added to beverages; and you will (C) estimate away from exercise with regards to the In the world Physical activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) , and this info time of physical working out at about three interest membership (severe, modest, mild exercise) or inactive requirements. The fresh new IPAQ has been validated in past times since the a corner-national tool getting tape physical exercise [20,21,22] also to guess opportunity expense.
The ability and h2o content of registered ingredients and you may drinks was assessed with the Diet Data Including (Wadsworth Posting Co Inc., Belmont, California, USA), and therefore spends structure analysis about USDA Federal Mineral Databases and you can picked Greek items (i.elizabeth., mousakas, pastitsio, Greek yoghurt, lentiles beans soup, several Greek pies, souvlaki, overflowing tomatoes) . Centered on overall opportunity consumption and energy costs, opportunity balance try analyzed also.
Within this investigation, “drinks” describes good fresh fruit juices otherwise packaged fruit juice 100% instead glucose content, sugar-sweet drinks (SSDs) (good fresh fruit nectar with glucose, carbonated drinks that have glucose and effort/isotonic beverages), low-calorie carbonated drinks, teas and organic infusions, milk products (all types of dairy, chocolates dairy and you will cocoa take in), milkshake and you may sherbets, coffee and coffees products, and you may liquor (alcohol, wines and all sorts of sorts of alcoholic drinks). “Take in time intake (DEI)” means opportunity consumption out of drinks “total time intake (TEI)” to help you opportunity intake away internet from the sources and you can “energy intake from dishes” in order to opportunity consumption regarding strong and you can fluid edibles (age.g., soups). The brand new share from products communities to overall energy intake (research from Malisova ainsi que al. 2013), demonstrated since overall intake of water (TWI), i.e., liquids off products, drinking water, strong and you will fluid food so when take in water intake (DWI), we.age., h2o away from drinks and you will drinking water.
step 3. Mathematical Study
Answers are presented as the mean ± sd for the generally delivered details and you will average (P25–P75) to your skewed ones. Normality is checked-out using the opportunities–probability patch (P–P area) and you can histograms. Differences when considering everyone concerning your overall time intake, times away from beverages, time regarding dishes, times costs, time balance, drinking habits, h2o off water and you may drinks, water out of products, water off drinking water, h2o out-of ingredients, h2o losses and you will drinking water balance was indeed reviewed towards the separate test t-sample into the usually delivered parameters together with Mann-Whittney U-shot to your skewed of these. Similarly, differences when considering the four quartiles of your energy regarding products have been analyzed towards you to definitely-way ANOVA F-test into the typically distributed variables and also the Kruskal-Wallis H Test towards the skewed of them. Significance top are lay on 5%. Correlations amongst the contribution regarding drinks to drinking habits when you look at the family to help you energy during the cold temperatures and june were checked of the Pearson’s or Spearman’s correlation coefficients to possess generally delivered or skewed details. All statistical analyses did having fun with PASW Analytics 18 (SPSS Inc, il, IL, USA).